Due to the demand for long-term BP monitoring and the inconvenience of the currently available cuff-based methods, efforts have been made to develop wearable and cuffless BP monitoring systems.
However, auscultatory or oscillometric measurements are intrinsically obtrusive and temporally discrete methods of BP monitoring thus, the physiological status of a patient may not be recorded in a timely manner, and vital signals even may be missed because some risk patterns are invisible at rest and only occur sporadically during circulatory system stress. Conventionally, BP is measured with a sphygmomanometer with an inflatable cuff the intra-arterial pressure is equal to the cuff pressure, which can be read with a stethoscope or oscillometer.
A report from the European Society of Cardiology states that blood pressure (BP) levels and the risk of stroke or myocardial infarction have a continuous linear relationship 2, suggesting that BP is a key indicator of the risk of CVD. The review sheds light on the interdisciplinary research opportunities to combine the latest innovations in the sensor and signal processing research fields to achieve a new generation of cuffless BP measurement devices with improved wearability, reliability, and accuracy.Ĭardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality and disease burden globally 1. Mainstream approaches, such as pulse transit time-based analytical models and machine learning methods, are compared in terms of their input modalities, features, implementation algorithms, and performances. In the model part of the review, contemporary algorithmic BP estimation methods for beat-to-beat BP measurements and continuous BP waveform extraction are introduced. Based on the signal type, the sensing devices are classified into electrical, optical, and mechanical sensors, and the state-of-the-art material choices, fabrication methods, and performances of each type of sensor are briefly reviewed. This review focuses on the enabling technologies for wearable and cuffless BP monitoring platforms, covering both the emerging flexible sensor designs and BP extraction algorithms. Towards this end, wearable and cuffless BP extraction methods have been extensively researched in recent years as part of the mobile healthcare initiative. For early diagnosis, intervention and management of CVDs, it is highly desirable to frequently monitor blood pressure (BP), a vital sign closely related to CVDs, during people’s daily life, including sleep time. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death worldwide.
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